most of the time, groups/communities are involved in negotiations and disputations due to their various interests. they are always trying to pursuit their aspiration to embrace changes and influence on events. although sometimes these groups are not completely opposed to each other and their intention is just to get the desired results, almost always their conditions are in contrast with each o...

The emergence of nuclear weapons as a new actor in international relations has introduced a new area in the international security arena. Since the appearance of these weapons, there have been increasing efforts to limit and destroy them in order to achieve global peace in the framework of disarmament and centered around the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Along with the eme...

Negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) were agreed to in 1998 at the Conference on Disarmament (CD) in Geneva after several years’ delay caused by debates over its scope and linkage to nuclear disarmament measures. However, the negotiations have yet to get underway, as they have not been reauthorized by the CD in subsequent years. Should the negotiations move forward, it is ex...

Although nuclear non-proliferation is an almost universal human desire, in practice, the negotiated treaties appear unable to prevent the steady growth of the number of states that have nuclear weapons. We propose a computational model for understanding the complex issues behind nuclear arms negotiations, the motivations of various states to enter a nuclear weapons program and the ways to diffu...

Rebecca Johnson is an independent analyst on disarmament issues based in London and Geneva. She has published several reports on the NPT Review and Extension Conference and on negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament. She represented the ACRONYM Consortium at the NPT Conference as a nongovernmental representative. The relationship between comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT) negotiations a...

Bargaining is ubiquitous. Married couples are almost constantly negotiating over a variety of matters, such as who will do which domestic chores, who will take the kids to the local park on a wet Sunday afternoon, and whether or not the wife should take a part-time job, now that the kids are grown up. Government policy is typically the outcome of negotiations amongst cabinet ministers. Whether ...

The present study intended to compare the complaint responses used by President Rouhani and President Obama in the Iranian and US news interview contexts. For this purpose, Boxer’s (1993) six types of indirect complaint responses were adopted: ‘ignorance’, ‘questions’, ‘topic switch’, ‘contradiction’, ‘joke/teasing’, ‘advice/lecture’ and ‘agreement/commiseration’. The transcripts of the live ne...

 This paper examines the two most important current efforts to devise new rules binding all nations the negotiations in the WTO of trade rules and the negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to devise rules restricting the annual emissions of greenhouse gases. Both negotiations have failed after several years of intensive effort. There are remarkable parallels in these ...